Class 10 History CBSE NCERT Solution | CBSE Guide
India and the Contemporary World-II
The Age of Industrialization
Additional CBSE Hot Questions Answers (NCERT Guide)
Question.1: Which raw material played an important role in the process of industrialization? Or, How did cotton play an important role in the process of industrialization? Or, Do you think cotton had an important role during the industrial development? Explain with reasons.
Answer:
Cotton played an important role in the process of industrialization. The
following points can be cited in support of the above:
1. According
to many historians, the first symbol of industrialisation or beginning of a
‘new era’ was cotton. The production of cotton increased substantially in the
late 19th century.
2. Britain
was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry
during 1760s which by 1787, increased to 22 million pounds.
3. This
increase in the import of cotton was mainly due to the changes brought in the
process of industrialization.
4. All these
clearly indicate that the cotton was leading sector and raw material in the
firs phase of industrialization up to 1840s, until the iron and steel industry
led the way.
Question.2: Which
inventions do you think increased the speed of production during
industrialization?
Answer:
in fact, a series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency of
each step of production process e.g. Carding, Twisting and Spinning, and
Rolling etc. They increased the output per labour.
Then
with setting up of first cotton mill (Richard Arkwright created the first
cotton mill), all the processes could be done together under one roof and
management. This allowed better supervision over the production process,
quality, regulation of labour etc.
Steam
engine was a big invention which enhanced the productivity manifold.
Question.3: Give two
examples where modern development has led not to progress but to problems. You
may like to think of areas related to environmental issues, nuclear weapons or
diseases.
Answer:
1.
Development in Agriculture: Hybrid seeds, urea and chemical manure have
led to the problem of soil sterility, more consumption of water and
environmental problems.
2.
Development in Nuclear Weapons: Modern nuclear weapons are the most
destructive because of the radioactive pollution that they spread. The combined
capacity of these nuclear weapons present in the world today can blow the world
not just once but a number of times.
Question.4: Which city
of England became the “finishing center” ?
Answer:
London, the capital of England. It became the finishing center as goods from
all over England were brought here to be finished.
Question.5: Why did
merchants choose countryside for production of clothes rather than town?
Answer:
The merchants choose countryside for production of clothes rather than town
because a number of reasons as given below -
a. During
17th and 18th centuries, there existed urban crafts and trade guilds in the
towns of England.
b. These
guilds posed difficulties for expanded production within towns.
c. They not
only controlled production but also trained crafts people, regulated
competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into this trade.
d. Rulers
granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific
products.
It
was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So, they
turned to the countryside.
Question.6: In the
mid-19th century Britain, “handmade products were produced more than the
machine products.” Why?
Answer:
The production of handmade products was higher than the machine products in the
mid-19th century in Britain because of the following reasons:
1. Handmade
products had larger range than the machine made products.
2. Machines
produced only uniform or standardized designs or goods for mass people. The
demand was for goods with intricate designs and shapes, which required human
skills and not the mechanical technology.
3. In
Victorian age in Britain, the upper classes, the aristocrats and the
bourgeoisie preferred things produced manually.
4. Hand made
products wee considered as symbol of refinement and class.
5. They were
better finished, individually produced and carefully designed.
10th History - CBSE Guess and Guide Questions Answers | Cbse Ncert Solution
Question.7: Who in Britain preferred handmade products and why?
Answer:
Refer to the answer of Q.No.6 above.
Question.8: What were
the dynamic industries in England at the time of Industrialization?
Answer:
At the time of Industrialization in England the most dynamic industries were
Cotton and Metals.
Growing
at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of
industrialization up to 1840s. After that iron and steel industry led the way.
With the expansion of railways in England from 1840s and in the colonies from
1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was
exporting iron and steel of double the value of its cotton export.
Question.9: Name some
inventions that helped the growth of textile industry.
Answer:
(i) Spinning Jenny by Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning
and also reduced the need of labour. (ii) Flying Shuttle invented by John Key.
(iii) Mule invented by Crompton. This was a hybrid of Spinning Jenny.
Question.10: Answer
the following questions -
(a) What are the
reasons that led to the clashes between the weavers and gomasthas?
(b) Do you think that industrialization mean only the growth of factory industries? Or, Do you agree with the statement that Industrialization did not mean the growth of only factory industries? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
(a)
Gomasthas were the paid servants appointed by the East India Company to
supervise the job of weavers, examine the quality of cloth, collect supplies
etc. on behalf of the company. Earlier before this new system, the supply
merchants often lived within the weaving villages and shared a close
relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and other help etc.
But these gomasthas were outsiders with no long term social link with the
weavers or the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with
sepoys and peons. They often punished weavers for a delay in supply etc.
Gomasthas even used to beat the weavers and flog them. On the other hand the
price that the weavers received from the company was miserably low and also
they could not sell their clothes to other traders at a better price. The loans
given to the weavers by the gomasthas often tied them to the Company.
These
were the reasons for bad relations between gomasthas and the weavers which
sometimes, led to clashes between them.
(b)
No, I do not think that it will be correct to say that Industrialization did
not mean the growth of only factory industries.
The
reasons we find that although the technological changes happened with
industrialization, but these changes occurred very slowly. They did not spread
dramatically across the industrial landscape because of so many reasons. The
fact is the new industries mostly driven by factories or machines could not
easily displace the traditional industries. Even at the end of 19th century,
less than 20% of total workforce was employed in technologically advanced
industrial sectors. A large portion of output was produced not within
factories, but by outside domestic units.
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