Class 10 NCERT (CBSE) Social Science Economics (Understanding
Economic Development)
Class 10, Sectors of Indian Economy
Solutions
of NCERT Textbook Exercise
Q.1: Explain the difference between primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:
Primary
Sector
- This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural
resources e.g. the cultivation of wheat. This is known as primary sector
because it forms the base of all subsequent products that are made from it. The
primary sector is also called Agriculture and Related Sector.
Secondary
Sector
- This sector covers those activities in which natural and primary products are
changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing e.g. manufacturing paper
from bamboo plant, Iron ore to steel etc. This sector is also known as
Industrial Sector.
Tertiary
Sector
- This includes those activities that help in the development of the primary
and secondary sectors e.g. railways, shopkeeper, lawyer etc. Since they provide
services to help the production so, this sector is also called services sector.
Q.2:
Classify the following list of occupations under Primary, Secondary and
Tertiary Sectors: Tailor, Workers in match factory, Basket weaver, Money
lender, Flower cultivator, Gardener, Milk vendor, Potter, Fisherman,
Bee-keeper, Priest, astronaut, Courier, Call center employee.
Answer:
Primary
Sector:
Flower cultivator, Gardener, Fisherman, Bee-keeper
Secondary
Sector:
Workers in match factory, Basket weaver, Potter
Tertiary
Sector:
Tailor, Milk vendor, Priest, Astronaut, Courier, Call center employee.
Q.4:
Students in a school are often classified into primary, secondary or junior and
senior. What is the criteria that is used ? Do you think this is a useful
classification ? Discuss.
Answer: The
criteria that is used in a school to classify the students into primary,
secondary or junior, senior is on the level of education.
Yes, I think
this is a useful classification.
Primary
education
- Our constitution had directed the state to secure free and compulsory
education to the children below 14 years. This comes under the category of Primary
education.
Secondary
education
- Secondary level education given to the age group 14 - 18 years, prepares the
student for entry into high education as well as for work.
Q.6:
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that
have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
The history of developed countries indicate that at the initial stage of
developments, the primary sector was the most important sector. With the
improvement in the method of farming and increase in production, people took up
professions but still this was the sector which provided maximum employment.
Then with the passage of time and advent of industrial revolution and
improvement in the production methods, bigger and more number of production
facilities were set up resulting in huge employment in this sector.
Thus,
during this time the secondary sector gradually became more important in terms
of production and employment than the primary sector.
Q.7: Choose the correct option:
Underemployment occurs when people
(i) do not want to work
(ii) are working in a lazy manner
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(iv) are not paid for their work
Answer:
(iii)
Q.8: Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern
that are observed for developed countries. What kinds of changes between
sectors were desired but did not happen in India.
Answer:
A comparison as well as contrast of the changes in India with the developed
countries can be given as follows:
Developed Countries
|
India
|
1. At
initial stage of development, primary sector was the most important sector of
economic activity in terms of both production and employment.
2. With
the development of the economy, secondary sector gradually became the most
important in total production and employment.
3. When
the country has reached to the higher levels of development, the share of
service sector in GDP and employment becomes the maximum.
|
1. At initial stage of development, primary
sector was the most important in total production and employment.
2. India did not follow this pattern.
secondary sector has neither become the most important in terms of production
nor employment ever.
3. By 1990 the share of the service sector
in the GDP became 40.59% which was more than that of the other two sectors.
Thus although in terms of GDP the service sector took over the other two
sectors during the past 15 - 20 years. In terms of employment, most of the
working people are still employed in primary sector.
|
(i)
It was desired that with the development of economy secondary sector would
replace the primary sector and become the most important sector in GDP. But
this did not happen in India. Tertiary sector surpassed the primary and
secondary sectors in its growth.
(ii)
It was also desired that with the development, the share of primary sector in
development would decrease and that of secondary and tertiary sectors would
increase the maximum. But this too did not happen in India.
Q.9: Why should we be worried about underemployment?
Answer:
Underemployment is the situation when the people are visibly employed though
actually unemployed. In this situation more people are engaged in a work than
required. That is they are made to work less than their capabilities. This
situation is also known as Disguised or
Hidden Unemployment.
Underemployment
is a matter of great worry because lakhs of people are underemployed in India.
It is more in agricultural sector. In addition, it also exists in other sectors
such as casual workers in the service sector in urban areas. If these people
could work elsewhere or could be fully employed, the income earned by them
would increase their total family income and they would prosper.
Q.10: Why do you think NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to
Work’?
Answer:
NREGA 2005 was passed in September 2011. Under this Act all those who are able
to be and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days work in a year.
NREGA
2005 (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005) is also referred to as ‘Right to Work’ because it provides 100
days’ assured employment every year to every rural household. If an applicant
is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily
employment allowance. Under this act, one-third of the proposed jobs would be
reserved for women.
Q.11:
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
Employment in urban areas can be increased in the following ways:
1. Labour
intensive techniques of production should be adopted.
2. Cottage
and small-scale industries should be encouraged.
3. Problems
regarding power-supply, raw materials, transportation etc. have to be improved.
4. Our
education system has to be made employment oriented with more stress on
vocational courses.
5. The
government should encourage for self-employment by providing credit-facilities,
training and marketing facilities etc.
6. There is
a large scope of employment in servicing sector especially in IT, tourism etc.
These sectors needs proper planning and support from government.
7. Targeted
employment generation programmes should be implemented with full devotion and
honesty.
Q.12:
(i) Define Gross Domestic Product. (ii) Who collects the data and prepare GDP?
Answer: (i) Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of all final goods and services produced by
different sector of economy within a country during a particular year. (ii)
Ministry of Central Govt. with help of various departments collects the data
required to calculate the GDP.
Q.13:
How do we classify economy into different sectors?
Answer: An
economy can be classified into different sectors on the basis of several
criteria such as :
(a) On the
basis of economic activities – Primary or Agricultural Sector, Secondary or
Industrial Sector and Tertiary or Service Sector.
(b) On the
basis of employment conditions – Organized Sector and Unorganized Sector.
(c) On the
basis of ownership – Public and Private Sector.
Q.14: What do you understand by the ‘Sectors of an Economy’?
Answer:
Economic activities are classified into different groups known as ‘Sectors’. An
economy is best understood when we study its components or sectors. Sectoral
classification can be done on the basis of several criteria into the following
types like –
(i)
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary sectors.
(ii)
Organized and Unorganized sectors.
(iii)
Public sector and Private sector etc.
Q.15: What are the factors responsible for the rise of Tertiary Sector?
Answer: The main reasons for the rise of tertiary sector is the nature of interdependence of all the three sectors of economy on each other. With the development of the Primary and Secondary sectors there is an increase in demand for services like transport, storage, banking facilities etc. Also with the increase in the income of the people there has been an increase in demand for shopping centers, educational facilities, medical facilities, communication, and tourism etc. especially in the urban areas.
Further study
Class 10, NCERT Social Science Economics (CBSE
Syllabus) | Understanding Economic Development, Chapter - 2, Sectors of Indian
Economy | NCERT Textbook Exercise Solutions [Read]
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